4.20.DISINFECTION OF WATER LINES IN A HOSPITAL ENVIRONMENT PT4
***TWINOXIDE**GUIDELINES
In order to avoid contamination by (microbiological) fouling in a hospital both hot and cold water systems require treatment with TwinOxide®. Mix TwinOxide® according to label directions to create a 3,000 ppm solution. Use a dosing pump to inject a diluted solution of TwinOxide® into the water system. Begin at a higher dose of between 1.0 and 3.0 ppm depending on the degree of fouling of the system. Older systems may require a longer period of exposure to the initial concentration to remove the biofilm build-up. After initial disinfection, the biofilm structure is weakened sufficiently to allow a lower dose of between 0.5 and 1.0 ppm for a period of two weeks. During this period of disinfection, the entire distribution system is completely cleaned of soft biofilm. Allow TwinOxide® to fully break down the soft biofilm in the pipe infrastructure across a 1 to 2 week period, the actual time required will depend on the amount of biofilm accumulated in the system. At the drinking end of the distribution system, only small amounts of TwinOxide® will be measured, because the product is consumed in the distribution system by oxidation to eliminate the biofilm. Utilize an automated dosing and specific chlorine dioxide monitoring system to insure correct dosing at all times. Contact manufacturer of TwinOxide® for specific details on such systems. Appropriate isolation of both hot and cold distribution pipelines is strongly advisable. Biofilm re-colonization in both the hot and cold distribution systems is an important re-infection problem. TwinOxide® continuously applied at a dose of 0.2 ppm will keep the drinking water disinfected and provide security against re-colonization of biofilm.
Oxidation of pharmaceuticals by chlorine dioxide
in biologically treated wastewater
G. Heya, , R. Grabicb
, A. Ledina,c, J. la Cour Jansena
, H.R. Andersenc
a Water and Environmental Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund
University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
b Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
c Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark,
Miljøvej, Building 113, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
Abstract
Biologically treated wastewater spiked with a mixture of 56 active pharmaceutical
ingredients (APIs) was treated with 0-20 mg/L chlorine dioxide (ClO2) solution in
laboratory-scale experiments. Wastewater effluents were collected from two
wastewater treatment plants in Sweden, one with extended nitrogen removal (low
COD) and one without (high COD). About one third of the tested APIs resisted
degradation even at the highest ClO2 dose (20 mg/L), while others were reduced by
more than 90% at the lowest ClO2 level (0.5 mg/L). In the low COD effluent, more
than half of the APIs were oxidized at 5 mg/L ClO2, while in high COD effluent a
significant increase in API oxidation was observed after treatment with 8 mg/L ClO2.
This study illustrates the successful degradation of several APIs during treatment of
wastewater effluents with chlorine dioxide.
Keywords: Pharmaceuticals; Chlorine dioxide; Wastewater effluent
Handelsnamen:Norspan (D, A), Subutex (D, A, CH), Temgesic (D, A, CH), Transtec (D, A, CH), Triquisic (A) und Generika Buprenovet (Veterinärmedizin, D)
- Handelsnamen:Agyr (A), Ciloxan (D, A, CH), Ciprobay (D), Ciproxin (A, CH), InfectoCipro (D), Keciflox (D), Otanol (A), Panotile Cipro (D), Quinox (T) zahlreiche Generika (D, A, CH) Ciproxin HC (CH)
Basocin (D), Clindac (A), Clin-Sanorania (D), Dalacin (A, CH), Dentomycin (D), Jutaclin (D), Lanacine (A), Sobelin (D), Turimycin (D), Zindaclin (D, A), Clinda-Saar (D), zahlreiche Generika (D, A, CH)
Diclofenac
Das ursprüngliche Präparat der Firma Geigy trug und trägt den Namen Voltaren. Weitere Medikamentennamen sind Agilomed (A), Algefit (A), Allvoran (D), Arthrex (D), Dedolor (A), Deflamat (A), Deflamm (A), Diclac (D), Diclo (D), Difene (A), Difen-Stulln (D, CH), Dolostrip (A), Dolpasse (A), Ecofenac (CH), Effekton (D), Effigel (CH), Fenisole (CH), Flam-X (CH), Flector (D, CH), Fortenac (CH), Inflamac (CH), Jutafenac (D), Monoflam (D), Olfen (CH), Pennsaid (A), Primofenac (CH), Relowa (CH), Rewodina (D), Sandoz Schmerzgel (D), Solaraze (D, A), Tonopan (CH), Tratul (A), Vifenac (CH), Voltaren (D, A, CH), Voltfast (CH), zahlreiche Generika (D, A, CH)
Dipyridamol
Estriol
Estron
Ethinylestradiol
Naloxon
Promethazin
Repaglinide
Chlorine Dioxide: 2,5 ppm bis 5 ppm
Chlorine Dioxide: 8 ppm bis 20 ppm
EU-Wastewater-Guidelines
Das ursprüngliche Präparat der Firma Geigy trug und trägt den Namen Voltaren. Weitere Medikamentennamen sind Agilomed (A), Algefit (A), Allvoran (D), Arthrex (D), Dedolor (A), Deflamat (A), Deflamm (A), Diclac (D), Diclo (D), Difene (A), Difen-Stulln (D, CH), Dolostrip (A), Dolpasse (A), Ecofenac (CH), Effekton (D), Effigel (CH), Fenisole (CH), Flam-X (CH), Flector (D, CH), Fortenac (CH), Inflamac (CH), Jutafenac (D), Monoflam (D), Olfen (CH), Pennsaid (A), Primofenac (CH), Relowa (CH), Rewodina (D), Sandoz Schmerzgel (D), Solaraze (D, A), Tonopan (CH), Tratul (A), Vifenac (CH), Voltaren (D, A, CH), Voltfast (CH), zahlreiche Generika (D, A, CH)
Dipyridamol
Estriol
Estron
Ethinylestradiol
Naloxon
Promethazin
Repaglinide
Chlorine Dioxide: 2,5 ppm bis 5 ppm
Chlorine Dioxide: 8 ppm bis 20 ppm
EU-Wastewater-Guidelines
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